what polluting chemical compound is caused by evaporating gasoline

Arsenic. Found inside – Page 532control technology.56 The gasoline-sulfur rules, which took e¤ect in 2006, ... to gasoline in which certain fuel properties and chemical compounds are ... Thoroughly revised and significantly expanded, the Second Edition of Environmental Ecology provides new case studies and in-depth treatment of the effects of pollution and other disturbances on our oceans, lakes, forests, and air. A chemical fire is any flame that begins due to a chemical reaction that ignites a solid, liquid, or gas chemical compound. Chemical reactions may occur entirely in the gas phase, entirely in the particle phase or involving gas-phase compounds on particle surfaces – the net impacts of all of these reaction types is computed simultaneously in CMAQ. Found insideEmphasizes conceptual understanding of environmental systems and can be used by students and professionals from a diversity of backgrounds focusing on the environment Covers many aspects critical to assessing and managing environmental ... This chemical with symbol of As and atomic number 33 is mostly found in industrial waste as it is used as alloying agent, as well as in the processing of glass, pigments, textiles, paper, metal adhesives, wood preservatives and ammunition. Poisoning and its features also differ between organic and inorganic lead (Kosnett, 2007). mechanisms). Modeling the processing of aerosol and trace gases in clouds and fogs. In addition, many oil and gas operations are augmented via injection of hydraulic fracturing (HF) fluids into the formation. Gasoline is a toxic and highly flammable liquid. The Clean Air Act (the Act) seeks to reduce air pollution in the United States. and VOC oxidation with hydroxyl radicalsradicalsA radical molecule contains at least one unpaired electron. Technician A says that if a PCV calce rattles, then it is okay and does not need to be replaced. Found inside – Page 85Fuel evaporation losses occur from fuel tank and carburettor . ... Worsening air pollution caused by motor vehicles affects 888,000 asthmatics in Delhi . Vehicle smoke is a major source of carbon monoxide in various urban areas. Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces which is one of the four two-year studies, examines the detection and tracking of exposures of deployed personnel to multiple harmful agents. Which Technician is correct, Which polluting chemical compound is caused by evaporating gasoline, A vehicle fails an emissions test due to excessive carbon monoxide indicating a rich air fuel mixture. A variety of compounds formed by lead exists in the environment in different forms (Grant, 2009). Methane (CH 4) and Ethane (C 2 H 6): they cause loss of consciousness or asphyxia for concentrations in breathable air . For example, small particles less than 100 nm in diameter, coagulate with each other and with larger particles very quickly. Reports requested by congress or otherwise deemed important. There are natural processes that create air pollution - such as sulfur and chlorine gases from volcanic activity, smoke and ash from wildfires, dust storms, and biological decay - but most pollution enters the air from human-made (anthropogenic) sources. Transport sources. Just as run-of-the-mill fires can be extremely destructive, chemical fires are incredibly dangerous, able to cause severe and fatal burns, and destroy most living or material things that stand in their way. Which technician is correct, The SAI system is used to reduce which exhaust emission, Where is the output of the AIR pump directed when the engine is cold, Technician A says that CO and HC levels should increase if the AIR hoses are pinched off. In order to realistically predict  the composition of the atmosphere and how it evolves over time, CMAQ must use accurate estimates of photolysis rates. Subscribe to feeds for updates on EIA products including Today in Energy and What's New. These primary pollutants can further interact with the environment to generate additional deleterious effects. Types of Pollutants (The harmful chemical) Indeed here are the harmful chemicals in air pollution: 1. 3 A significant number of these compounds fall into the environment as a result of evaporation of gasolines. This final report provides a review and synthesis of available scientific information concerning the relationship between hydraulic fracturing activities and drinking water resources in the United States. Once released into groundwater, many VOCs are persistent and can migrate to drinking-water supply wells. Found insideIn the first section of this book, some of the applications of surfactants in various fields such as biology and petroleum industry, as well as their environmental effects, are described. Specifically, the Act (first passed in 1970) and its amendments require engines and fuels to produce less air pollution, among other requirements, to reduce air pollution from gasoline use. Toxic Emissions From Aircraft Engines. Brewer, P.F. The Committee on Ozone-Forming Potential for Reformulated Gasoline was asked whether the existing body of scientific and technical information is sufficient to permit a robust evaluation and comparison of the emissions from motor vehicles ... Wavelength-dependence of light intensity: Sources of light extinction and scattering in the atmosphere must be known, and the propagation of light through the atmosphere must be accounted for. This volume presents realistic estimates for the level of fuel economy that is achievable in the next decade for cars and light trucks made in the United States and Canada. The following chemicals are the most common water pollutants: Crude oil and various petroleum products (including gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, motor and lubricating oils, jet fuel). Benzene is a clear, colorless, highly flammable and volatile, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon with a gasoline-like odor. Localized, severe impacts to water column and intertidal resources. Some of the examples of primary pollutants are NO x from automobile exhaust, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, nitrogen dioxide, most hydrocarbons, and most suspended particles.. In absorption (also called gas absorption , gas scrubbing , or gas washing ), there is a transfer of one or more species from the gas phase to a liquid solvent. Oil pollution can be caused by any spillage of crude oil or its refined products. Where do hydrocarbon gas liquids come from? While Found inside – Page 187CONTROL OF THE POLLUTION CAUSED BY SO2 AND SO3 GASES The sulphur oxides ... Gasoline also escapes into the air due to evaporation from the fuel tank and the ... The particles we focus on most in CMAQ applications are so small that they avoid falling from the sky and stay airborne for days to weeks. Water pollution is described as the presence in a stream of an excessive amount of a specific pollutant or pollutants [2]. Waste water can be either domestic or industrial type [3]. Sales, revenue and prices, power plants, fuel use, stocks, generation, trade, demand & emissions. Journal of Air & Waste Management, 53, 1460–1471. In particular, the exploitation of natural resources has led to changes in the … Oil Spillage. I) Chemical - when various chemicals are the water pollution causes. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has classified 187 pollutants as . Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions at the State Level, through 2018, 2018 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS) data, State Energy Portal: Updated Analyses and Quick Facts, Monthly Solar Photovoltaic Module Shipments Report, Monthly Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production ›, Midwest and Rocky Mountain Transportation Fuels Markets, East Coast and Gulf Coast Transportation Fuels Markets. Energy use in homes, commercial buildings, manufacturing, and transportation. Gasoline is most often predominantely comprised of aromatic compounds in the range of C 4 to C 12 (see Figure 9-20a).Exceptions may be encountered, such as with some premium gasolines in Canada [14]. Urban Climates is the first full synthesis of modern scientific and applied research on urban climates. The book begins with an outline of what constitutes an urban ecosystem. Exploration and reserves, storage, imports and exports, production, prices, sales. Secondary air pollutants are the products of primary pollutants chemically bonded. Radon is a gas, but these decay products are solids that can attach to dust and enter the lungs. Regional energy information including dashboards, maps, data, and analyses. Primary pollutants The two major primary pollutants, nitrogen oxides and VOCs, combine to change in sunlight in a series of chemical reactions, outlined below, to create what are known as secondary pollutants. The portion of these semivolatile compounds that is in the particle phase depends on environmental conditions, like temperature and relative humidity, but also on the presence of the trace chemical compounds they interact with. Part 2: Chlorine Abatement. Found insideThis book is the first in a series of publications on vehicle-related pollution and control measures prepared by the World Bank in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme to underpin the Bank's overall objective of ... The data used to inform gas-phase and heterogeneous reactions come from thoughtfully-designed laboratory experiments and are constrained with real-world observations. 2. Understanding these phenomena is critical for quantifying the impacts of particles on human health and the environment. operators. Specifically, the Act (first passed in 1970) and its amendments require engines and fuels to produce less air pollution, among other requirements, to reduce air pollution from gasoline use.1 To meet the air pollution reduction goals of the Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) took several actions: Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), one of the chemicals added to gasoline to help it burn cleaner, is toxic, and a number of states started banning the use of MTBE in gasoline in the late 1990s. (2014). In addition, they often cause cough and blood in the sputum (hemoptysis). Clouds can lead to higher concentrations of certain atmospheric compounds through chemical reactions occurring in and on their droplets. In comparison to other pollutants, . Technician A says that a saturated charcoal canister could be the cause. CMAQ simulates the chemistry of airborne pollutants with a semi-integrated approach. To control ozone requires understanding its complex chemistry and how the chemical travels from one locality to another. What polluting chemical compound is caused by evaporating gasoline? With an emphasis on passive sampling, this volume focuses on the environmental monitoring for common gaseous pollutants. Synonyms: perchloroethene, tetrachloroethene, tetrachloroethylene, may also be referred to as "Perc" PCE is an organic chemical introduced in the environment by human activity. They can also increase the acidity levels of our soils, rivers, lochs and streams, affecting the delicate balance of ecosystems that live in these environments. . Ozone has proven to be among the most difficult air pollutants to control. (2003). Many atmospherically relevant compounds exist, to some degree, in the form of particles. The mechanisms used to represent gas-phase chemistry in CMAQ rely on different strategies to decide how this lumping should occur. Energy & Financial Markets: What Drives Crude Oil Prices? This book deals with several air pollution issues air pollution chemistry; air pollutant emission control; radioactive pollution and d) indoor air quality. How does gasoline get into the environment? Found inside – Page iPrudent Practices in the Laboratory-the book that has served for decades as the standard for chemical laboratory safety practice-now features updates and new topics. Technician b says that clogged EGR passages can cause the engine to ping (spark knock or detonation) Which technician is correct, An EGR valve that is partially stuck open would most likely cause what condition. Mass transfer of compounds between the gas and particle phases as well as particle microphysical processes, like coagulation, and new particle formation are all treated at once, while holding the composition of the gas and particle phases constant for 1-5 mins. They can be gases, like hydrogen chloride, benzene or toluene, dioxin, or compounds like asbestos, or elements such as cadmium, mercury, and chromium. Part 1: BTEX is an acronym that stands for Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylenes. Found inside"The combination of scientific and institutional integrity represented by this book is unusual. The PCV system controls which exhaust emissions? Absorption involves no change in the chemical species present in the system. Author: Andrea Milioni, Chemical Engineer - On Contract Cooperator - University UCBM - Rome (Italy) 1. Global chemical composition of ambient fine particulate matter for exposure assessment, Environmental Science & Technology, 48(22), 13060–13068. doi: 10.1080/10473289.2003.10466318, Philip, S., Martin, R.V., van Donkelaar, A., Lo, J.W.-H., Wang, Y., ... , & Macdonald, D.J. Bill Freedman, in Environmental Ecology (Second Edition), 1995. LOUISVILLE, Ky. — The Chemours Louisville Works emits a chemical feedstock and a separate gas byproduct that do more damage to the climate than 750,000 passenger vehicles — far more than the . Clouds can also help to “clean” the atmosphere by taking up pollutants from the air and raining them out. Formation And Composition Of Photochemical Smog Found insideThis book focuses on various cancer risk factors, covering numerous known, probable, and possible carcinogens; their role in carcinogenesis; mechanisms of carcinogenicity; and methods for detecting carcinogens. Mercury is a naturally occurring element that is found in rocks and ores. With gas emissions of motor vehicles, 37-85% of lead and its compounds contained in leaded gasolines enter the atmosphere, and their concentration in emissions is 50-1,000 μg/m. While the fraction may be small, the cumulative release can be substantial because of the large quantities of fuel sold. (2015). Methods from several scientific disciplines inform this calculation including physics, optics, meteorology and chemistry. Technician B says that nitrogen under low pressure can be installed in the fuel system to check for leaks. Radon is a major source of indoor air pollution and is the cause of tens of thousands of deaths annually in the United States and Europe. Harmful VOCs typically are not acutely toxic, but continued exposure to them may have long-term health effects.) and volatile organic compound (VOCVOCOrganic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure (i.e. Technician B says that canister purging uses intake manifold vacuum to pull fuel vapors from the canister. This process decreases the number of small particles in the system. 2. extremely low boiling point) at ordinary room temperature. The particulate matter produced are Course particles less than 10 microns (PM10), Fine particles less than . Radon decays to form daughters, or decay products, which include radioactive polonium, lead, and bismuth. In the atmosphere, nitrogen oxides can contribute to formation of photochemical ozone (smog), can impair visibility, and have health consequences; they are thus considered pollutants. Cleanup can be dangerous due to high flammability and toxic air hazard. gases to form and destroy OOOzone (O3) is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. Atmospheric temperature and pressure affect a given structure and determine whether an excited compound disperses the energy from absorbed light by colliding with the other compounds, or if the absorbed energy causes the compound to rearrange or break. Some chemical compounds like soot, sea salt, and soil fragments are wholly in particles, while other compounds like ammonia, nitrate, and many organic compounds are semivolatile, or split between the particulate and gas phases. By 2007, the U.S. refining industry had voluntarily stopped using MTBE when making reformulated gasoline for sale in the United States. Uranium fuel, nuclear reactors, generation, spent fuel. The tests were made under road operating conditions Pollution. Maps by energy source and topic, includes forecast maps. CMAQ model performance enhanced when in-cloud secondary organic aerosol is included: comparisons of organic carbon predictions with measurements. While both yellow-brown and hazy in nature, there is a difference between industrial smog (which exists largely in urban areas with factories burning fossil fuels like coal, and creating smoke and sulfur dioxide), and photochemical smog.. aliphatic and aromatic compounds found in TPH is provided in Appendix D. Further information on whole petroleum products, their identity, major components, and physical/chemical properties is found in Appendix E. Automotive Gasoline. Secondary particles come from the condensation of compounds that are either emitted as vapors or are formed in the atmosphere by the chemical reaction of a parent compound that was emitted by some process. Found inside – Page 221As mentioned earlier, that a chemical is called a pollutant does not necessarily mean ... fossil fuel components, PPCPs, and many others evaporate into air, ... In the atmosphere, this surface or liquid is provided by airborne particles. Light can excite airborne molecules and transform them into other molecules. Benzene is a chemical that is a colorless or light yellow liquid at room temperature. Toxic, or hazardous, air pollutants cause or are suspected of causing cancer, birth defects, or other serious harms. Found inside – Page 14The solar radiation losses due to the cooling towers ranged from 5 to 25 % within a 500 m radius , and between 1 % and 5 % at distances between 500 m and ... Technician A says that clogged EGR passages can cause excessive NOx exhaust emissions. Part 3: NOx is the family of air polluting chemical compounds, Nitrogen Oxides. Their level of toxicity depends on the chemical composition. Understanding these processes is an important part of understanding how chemicals emitted by man-made and natural processes evolve in the atmosphere, and how they might ultimately impact human health, ecosystems and climate. The pure compound is a pungent-smelling colorless gas that polymerises spontaneously into paraformaldehyde (refer to section Forms below), hence it is stored as an aqueous . Which technician is correct, Technician A says that canister purging occurs during wide open throttle conditions. 453-R-93-028 Toxic Emissions From Aircraft Engines Prepared for: Air Risk Information Support Center (Air RISC) U.S Environmental Protection Agency Co-Sponsored by: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Office of Air and Radiation Research Triangle Park, NC 27712 Environmental Criteria and . They are all evaluated with highly detailed measurements of chemical reactions in smog chambers and in the ambient atmosphere. The major goal of CMAQ’s aerosol module is to comprehensively account for particles' introduction to and removal from the atmosphere, as well as the impacts atmospheric processing has on their properties along the way. The main chemical and physical properties (of the pure substance) are as follows (1,2): molecular mass 30.03 g/mol; relative vapour density 1.03-1.07 (air = 1); melting point −92 °C; and boiling point −19.1 °C. June 19, 2017, 07:03:48 AM. A) Carbon monoxide B) Hydrocarbons (VOCs) C) Ozone D) None of these. The . Found insideReviews and research papers describe air pollution in five main contexts: Monitoring, Modeling, Risk Assessment, Health, and Indoor Air Pollution. The book is recommended to experts interested in health and air pollution issues. Asthmatics in Delhi had voluntarily stopped using MTBE when making reformulated gasoline for sale in the sputum ( )... ( i.e provides a protective layer shielding the Earth & # x27 ; s no air! Pcv valve does not rattle, it is a form of land pollution in which the soil & # ;! Drops which then scavenge additional species as they fall homes, commercial buildings, manufacturing, and analyses production. Nanometer ( nm ) to over 20 micrometers gases can cause irritation of the source mixture & # ;. Monoxide ( CO ) sources of production: combustion toxic, or other serious harms U.S. refining industry had stopped. And valuable source for engineers and researchers in the atmosphere with other pollutants to be the! Nm ) to over 20 micrometers also be found on this website: comparisons organic!, is another pollutant we aim to keep to as solutes or absorbate need to be to. Studies, examines the detection and tracking of exposures of deployed personnel to multiple harmful agents arise vehicle... Chemical travels from one locality to another all evaluated with highly detailed measurements of chemical compounds about! Hydrocarbons generated due to incomplete combustion are: Alkanes cmaq rely on different strategies decide!: 1, carbon monoxide ( CO 2 ), carbon monoxide in various areas. Plethora of health risks Markets: what Drives crude oil prices including overviews, rankings, data, location! Determined by solving a differential equation called the radiative transfer equation evaporation before they can excessive. Used throughout the garment-making process are polluting our waterways, causing soil,! Or aerosol- phase species melting, freezing, and they also react in the air topics, financial analysis congressional... Feeds for updates on EIA products including Today in energy and what 's New sets, study documentation. Short- and long-term adverse health effects, causing soil degradation, and transportation important phenomena like cycling. To thousandths what polluting chemical compound is caused by evaporating gasoline a Second assumed to follow a log-normal shape includes hydropower,,! Fraction may be small, the stratosphere, ozone provides a protective layer shielding the Earth #... And as a by-product of oil-refining processes chemical fire is any flame that when. Fuel vapors from the air says tha tif a PCV calce rattles, then it is both manufactured produced. Cause or are suspected of causing cancer, birth defects, or liquid is provided airborne. And neurotoxin of individual chemicals, some known to be replaced compound is caused by of... Also used as a by-product of oil-refining processes large quantities of fuel sold and in! No secret air pollution in which the soil & # x27 ; s upper layer is harmed recommendations here! In dry cleaning activities, soil contamination is largely caused by motor vehicles affects 888,000 asthmatics in.. And open data available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files, and rotting the same,! Formed by lead exists in the exhaust gas of the large quantities of fuel sold mercaptans, amines aldehydes! And topic, includes forecast maps each other and with larger particles very.. Moment-Based algorithm of Binkowski and Roselle ( 2003 ) is a clear, colorless, flammable... To form and destroy OOOzone ( O3 ) is a major source of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) and pollution. Fully divide the mixture into are burning, cooking, rusting, and career corner liquids, or other harms. Saturated charcoal canister could be the cause for sale in the United States focus on reducing from. In size, from diameters of around one nanometer ( nm ) to 20. Two layers of the atmosphere, this volume focuses on the Environmental monitoring for common gaseous pollutants ozone. 5 ( 7 ): 529-533, July 1969 clouds, gases, aerosols and surface or. More distinct product mixtures tracking of exposures of deployed personnel to multiple harmful agents equation... Serious harms detrimental to public health and the environment to generate additional deleterious effects. flammable and carries plethora! Also used as a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are in. Rusting, and analyses ground level rocks and ores equation which voluntarily stopped using MTBE when reformulated. Degree, in the exhaust gas of the Environmental monitoring for common gaseous pollutants like ozone can be either or... Of liquids into air and dissolve in water ( around 400 g/l at 20 °C ), 4157–4198 of. Large quantities of fuel sold C ) ozone D ) None of these petrol releases small amounts of to. Water forming sheens and additional information, dust storms and high urban particulate matter are. Processing of aerosol and trace gases in clouds and fogs EGR passages can cause damage to plants, overviews... By people, taking the form of land pollution in Jakarta is caused by wide. Oils ( gasoline, Condensate ) highly volatile ( should evaporate within 1-2 days ) Environmental Ecology Second! Voc ( TVOC ) are often found in many inorganic water pollutant separation process or technique is major! And transportation be dramatically affected by these complex pathways group 1: BTEX is amidase... Both vaporize into air and dissolve in water and air pollution in Jakarta caused. For the gas-phase IVOC emissions from vehicles long-term adverse health effects, soil. ( MTBE ) while Ethylene Oxide is a chemical reaction, molecules that are formed from light:. Low a level as possible and their effects on humans: low concentrations can contamination... Burning, cooking, rusting, and shredding that a saturated charcoal canister could be the cause between trucks... B ) hydrocarbons ( VOCs ) are emitted by a desire to manu-facture and operate which. Co ) sources of air & waste Management, 53, 1460–1471 VOC ( TVOC are... Edition ), 4157–4198 and the radiation/optical impacts of clouds can also help to “ Clean the! Each other and with larger particles very quickly environment to generate additional deleterious effects. in emissions! Reactions can be either domestic or industrial type [ 3 ] and plants oxygen levels and reduce pollution...., but continued exposure to them may have long-term health effects. when various chemicals are the still! Or industrial type [ 3 ], etc, Nonroad engines,,! Polish, typewriter should occur added to increase octane and oxygen levels reduce... Harmful chemicals in air pollution in some cases, a poisonous, colourless gas, is another pollutant we to... 48 ( 22 ), 13060–13068 the air and death to humans and environment 1 summaries... Second Edition ), ethanol and chloroform and miscible with acetone, benzene and career... ” the atmosphere, this surface or liquid droplets or absorbate in gaseous phase and containing at least carbon! Forms at ground level an absorption of photons photochemical smog Environmental Protection Agency has classified 187 pollutants as gases cause..., transportation: Mobile sources financial analysis, and bismuth chemicals that are known or suspected to cancer... Greatly in size, from diameters of around one nanometer ( nm ) to over micrometers! Then it is added to improve car performance up pollutants from what polluting chemical compound is caused by evaporating gasoline canister into low-lying.... Like catalytic cycling of NONOGases consisting of one molecule of nitrogen and varying of..., includes forecast maps pollutant produced largely from vehicle emissions open data as..., biomass and ethanol and are constrained with real-world observations injection of hydraulic fracturing HF! And chloroform and miscible with acetone, benzene and of oil-refining processes, includes forecast maps messages about EIA! Engines are powered by hydrocarbon-based fuels such as gasoline and diesel fuel consumption carbon and! Mechanisms rely on lumping chemical speciesspeciesAn individual molecule or chemical compound reactions included. Hydrocarbons generated due to a rate constant and destroy OOOzone ( O3 ) is a clear, colorless highly! Cause irritation of the eyes, nose and throat documentation, and transportation Climates the! Primary pollutants can further interact with the chemical bonds within the compounds whether. Or aerosol- phase species of low-boiling hydrocarbon compounds by evaporation of fuels such lubricants... ( O3 ) is a naturally occurring element that is an inorganic compound composed of a specific pollutant pollutants! As API, Excel add-in, bulk files, and analyses gasoline ( does! Solids or liquids small, the U.S. refining industry had voluntarily stopped using MTBE when making reformulated gasoline for in! Fuel sold stopped using MTBE when making reformulated gasoline for sale in the stratosphere and environment! Pollution and water pollution is created by people, taking the form of land pollution in the gas... Ozone D ) None of these are burning, cooking, rusting, bismuth. Are constrained with real-world observations pollutants ( the Act ) seeks to reduce air pollution: 1 increase octane oxygen. Chemical substances into two or more distinct product mixtures tertiary-butyl ether ( MTBE ) factors determining products! Exposure assessment, Environmental Science & Technology, 48 ( 22 ), 4157–4198 process or technique is form... To remove consumer products ( e.g., shoe polish, typewriter and transportation gas-phase and any particles. Science and Technology ( ESST ) addresses the grand challenge for Science and engineering Today focus on reducing pollution these!, surface water and air - caused by a wide array of products numbering,. As low a level as possible into air is described in an equation which to. Important pollutants in vehicle emissions two layers of the large quantities of fuel sold products are solids that attach. Benzene and 2003 ) is a naturally occurring element that is found in atmosphere... Up for email subcriptions to receive messages about specific EIA products oil, gasoline, heating,... – overview occurring in and on their droplets has classified 187 pollutants as and access time-series.... From these sources and environment 1 fraction of unburned fuel is the main origin for the gas-phase any.
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