what causes megathrust earthquakes

Found insideThis volume documents some of the recent advances made by Earth scientists that contribute towards a better understanding of the geological hazards in the region. The Juan de Fuca Plate is moving toward and underneath (or subducting) the North American Plate along the Cascadia Subduction Zone. What’s it really like to live in an earthquake zone and how do people know when one’s about to happen? Explore where and why earthquakes take place and what to do when one strikes. The 1964 Alaskan earthquake was a megathrust earthquake that began at 5:36 P.M. AST on Good Friday, March 27, 1964. These are generally less damaging, but are at least as frequent as crustal earthquakes. Found inside – Page 118drowning, as occurs in subduction-zone megathrust earthquakes (Atwater and Yamaguchi, 1991). Secondary evidence is caused by seismic shaking or geomorphic ... Part of … Readers will benefit from practical survival strategies outlined in this documentary fiction that go beyond "flashlights and water". the motto "BE PREPARED" is not one to be taken lightly.How long can you survive without power, ... In fact, our area is home to thousands of small earthquakes every year. [according to whom? In 2001, a large intraplate earthquake devastated the region of Gujarat, India. Societal Issue: Uncertainty related to rupture extent, slip distribution, and recurrence of past subduction megathrust earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest (northern CA, OR, WA, and southern BC) leads to ambiguity in earthquake and tsunami hazard assessments and hinders our … The Orphan Tsunami of 1700, now in its second edition, tells this scientific detective story through its North American and Japanese clues. Found inside – Page 72Causes of the 26 December 2004 Earthquake – USGS Report The devastating megathrust earthquake of 26 December 2004, occurred on the interface of the India ... Written by a journalist who has been following this story for twenty-five years, Cascadia’s Fault tells the tale of this devastating future earthquake and the tsunamis it will spawn. [2] These earthquakes often occur at the location of ancient failed rifts, because such old structures may present a weakness in the crust where it can easily slip to accommodate regional tectonic strain. Geological evidence indicates that 13 great earthquakes have occurred in the last 6000 years. Found insideThis volume attempts to answer such fundamental concerns as why some interplate subduction earthquakes are relatively modest in rupture length (greater than 100 km) while others, such as the great (M greater than 9) 1960 Chile, 1964 Alaska, ... Part of the Solution This causes tremendous strain and deformation of the Earth's crust in the coastal region and causes ongoing earthquake activity. The recognition of definitive signatures in the geological record tells us the January 26, 1700 event was not a unique event, but has repeated many times at irregular intervals of hundreds of years. Stay connected with us 24/7, City Hall How aquatic foods such as fish, shellfish and seaweed can help build healthy, sustainable and equitable food systems. "A discussion of major types of natural disasters, including descriptions of some of the most destructive; explanations of these phenomena, what causes them, and where they occur; and information about how to prepare for and survive these ... Found insideAlso available is The International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, Part B. Two CD-ROMs containing additional material packaged with the text Software-Web-Apps - Stand alone software, interactive web tools, and downloadable apps to help you explore seismic data and earthquake topics. Subduction zones are known for having the largest earthquakes and tsunamis; they are the only places with fault surfaces large enough to create magnitude-9 earthquakes. Because they do not all move in the same direction, plates often directly collide or move laterally along each other, a tectonic environment that makes earthquakes frequent. Fact 42: In the last 2,000 years, 50,000 people have died due to a tsunami in the Pacific Ocean. The 1964 Alaskan earthquake was a megathrust earthquake that began at 5:36 P.M. AST on Good Friday, March 27, 1964. Found inside – Page 258Causes of the 26 December 2004 Earthquake – Reported by USGS The devastating megathrust earthquake of 26 December 2004, occurred on the interface of the ... The M9 Cascadia Megathrust Earthquake of January 26, 1700 At 9PM on January 26, 1700 one of the world's largest earthquakes occurred along the west coast of North America. Thrust earthquakes (as opposed to strike slip) are far more likely to generate tsunamis, but small tsunamis have occurred in a few cases from large (i.e., > M8) strike-slip and northern Washington State). The shaking was so violent that people could not stand and so prolonged that it made them sick. Structures far from plate boundaries tend to lack seismic retrofitting, so large intraplate earthquakes can inflict heavy damage. The last earthquake in this zone, in 1700, was recorded by First Nations historical accounts and geological records, telling us that it was massive and caused a tsunami that impacted coastlines as far away as Japan. Subduction zones are known for having the largest earthquakes and tsunamis; they are the only places with fault surfaces large enough to create magnitude-9 earthquakes. Found inside – Page 114The smaller moment release makes propagation speed slower (0.03 km/day for SA is smaller than 0.2 km/day for LA), which causes that recurrence interval of ... The last earthquake in this zone, in 1700, was recorded by First Nations historical accounts and geological records, telling us that it was massive and caused a tsunami that impacted coastlines as far away as Japan. Earthquakes along the Sunda megathrust subduction zone, along the island of Sumatra, showing the 2006 Mw 9.1-9.3 Indian Ocean Earthquake as a star. Found inside – Page 26TRIPLE TROUBLE: THREE TYPES OF TECTONIC EARTHQUAKES IN CASCADIA The Really Big One, a M9 Cascadia megathrust earthquake, gathers so much attention that many ... Graphic from IRIS. " The motto "BE PREPARED" is not one to be taken lightly. How long can you survive without power, communication, food and shelter in the aftermath of a megathrust earthquake? That will depend on you. Fact 44: The biggest tsunami that occurred in Hawaii happened in 1946 when the coast of Hilo Island was hit with 30 ft waves at 500 mph. These earthquakes, such as the damaging 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake, occur closer to Vancouver and pose a very high risk to our city. Three speleothems from the Bone Passage of Gardners Gut Cave, Waitomo, have been investigated to examine whether physical and chemical changes in speleothems might be caused by shaking due to large megathrust earthquakes originating from ... Compared to earthquakes near plate boundaries, intraplate earthquakes are not well understood, and the hazards associated with them may be difficult to quantify. Visit the Natural Resources Canada website External website, opens in new tab to find out more about earthquakes. Intraplate earthquakes are relatively rare compared to the more familiar boundary-located interplate earthquakes. Megathrust earthquakes. In 2017, the 24–29 km deep magnitude 6.5 Botswana earthquake that shook eastern Botswana occurred at over 300 km from the nearest active plate boundary. Our best research shows that these catastrophic earthquakes will occur again and can happen at any time. Relatively few earthquakes occur in intraplate environments; most occur on faults near plate margins. The book is a collaboration of faculty from Earth Science departments at Universities and Colleges across British Columbia and elsewhere"--BCcampus website. This page was last edited on 12 September 2021, at 01:43. [4] The event occurred in an underpopulated area of Botswana. This stress causes the ground above to move and shake in an earthquake. Found inside – Page 1... driving force for mantle convection, but also causes the greatest natural hazards such as megathrust earthquakes, often with accompanying tsunami waves. Graphic from IRIS. Found inside – Page 444generation of megathrust earthquakes in subduction zones (e.g., Saffer, 2017; ... The collision of plates causes earthquakes at their boundary with ... We have developed a strategy to better understand the risk and reduce the impact of an earthquake in Vancouver. At 9PM on January 26, 1700 one of the world's largest earthquakes occurred along the west coast of North America. Plate boundaries converge, a process that can generate earthquakes. Intraplate earthquakes may be unrelated to ancient fault zones and instead caused by deglaciation or erosion.[7]. Because these inland earthquakes can be much closer to our urban areas and occur more frequently, they represent the greatest earthquake hazard. Societal Issue: Uncertainty related to rupture extent, slip distribution, and recurrence of past subduction megathrust earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest (northern CA, OR, WA, and southern BC) leads to ambiguity in earthquake and tsunami hazard assessments and hinders our ability to prepare for future events. In this manner, very small earthquakes associated with a causative fault can be located with great accuracy, and in most cases these line up in patterns consistent with faulting. Although earthquake magnitude is one factor that affects tsunami generation, there are other important factors to consider. Found insideThis volume presents a collection of contributions that were published in "Pure and Applied Geophysics - pageoph" and which deals with the major earthquake that hit Illapel, Chile on September 16, 2015 with magnitude 8.3, and associated ... On the west coast of Vancouver Island, the tsunami completely destroyed the winter village of the Pachena Bay people with no survivors. The term intraplate earthquake refers to a variety of earthquake that occurs within the interior of a tectonic plate; this stands in contrast to an interplate earthquake, which occurs at the boundary of a tectonic plate. This is the situation that we are in now. This zone produces massive earthquakes, called "megathrust earthquakes," which may register as large as magnitude 9.0 earthquakes. The Charleston quake was particularly surprising because, unlike Boston and New York, the area had almost no history of even minor earthquakes. Found insideThis book evaluates the actions taken during and after the earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear accident, for which the Japanese government and people were not prepared. Posters - More than just wallpaper, these eye-catching, educative posters invite students to become minds-on with Earth's internal structure, earthquakes, seismic waves and more! Found insideTsunamis are one common result of megathrust earthquakes that occur in zones of subduction. Tectonic forces have caused the Japanese islands to twist and ... Found insideThey cause solids to shear, that is, deform like a pack of cards pushed sideways, ... Subduction causes earthquakes, especially so-called megathrust ... Found inside – Page 367Although most tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes, all underwater ... The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea megathrust earthquake that ... Hover over a cluster of earthquakes to learn about the different types in the Pacific Northwest. The tsunami swept across the Pacific also causing destruction along the Pacific coast of Japan. Questions & Answers on megathrust earthquakes, Strain Build-Up on the Cascadia fault zone, Cascadia-Sumatra Comparison Canadian Geographic article. The Cascadia fault is the boundary between two of the Earth's tectonic plates: the smaller offshore Juan de Fuca plate that is sliding under the much larger North American plate. The M9 Cascadia Megathrust Earthquake of January 26, 1700 At 9PM on January 26, 1700 one of the world's largest earthquakes occurred along the west coast of North America. In the interval between great earthquakes, the tectonic plates become stuck together, yet continue to move towards each other. Thrust earthquakes (as opposed to strike slip) are far more likely to generate tsunamis, but small tsunamis have occurred in a few cases from large (i.e., > M8) strike-slip Found inside – Page 266This undersea megathrust earthquake triggered extremely destructive tsunami waves of up to 40.5 meters (133 ft), causing 15,597 deaths and 4,980 missing, ... Found inside – Page 156So , what were the specific causes of the Indo Tsunami ? The ' megathrust ' earthquake that produced the tsunami occurred on the subduction zone between the ... These earthquakes occur deep in the subducting Juan De Fuca Plate as it extends under the Strait of Georgia and the mainland coast. [4][6] Under these circumstances it is difficult to calculate the exact seismic hazard for a given city, especially if there was only one earthquake in historical times. Found inside – Page 45Discussion In this study, to reveal the cause of the curious offshore crustal movements observed after the 2011 Tohoku-oki megathrust earthquake, ... ][citation needed]. An inland magnitude 6.9 earthquake in 1995 in a similar geological setting beneath Kobe, Japan caused in excess of $200 billion damage. However, because the fault is offshore, it is not the greatest earthquake hazard faced by major west coast cities. Plate boundaries converge, a process that can generate earthquakes. [5][further explanation needed]. The earthquake also left unmistakeable signatures in the geological record as the outer coastal regions subsided and drowned coastal marshlands and forests that were subsequently covered with younger sediments. Subduction zone faults. We now know that a similar offshore event will happen sometime in the future and that it represents a considerable hazard to those who live in southwest B.C. Fact 43: Hawaii in the U.S. is at a greater risk for a Tsunami.Hawaii gets about one Tsunami every year and damaging one every seven years. Some onshore earthquakes can be quite large (there have been four magnitude 7+ earthquakes in the past 130 years in southwest B.C. Fact 43: Hawaii in the U.S. is at a greater risk for a Tsunami.Hawaii gets about one Tsunami every year and damaging one every seven years. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of stored energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. This zone produces massive earthquakes, called "megathrust earthquakes," which may register as large as magnitude 9.0 earthquakes. The earthquake shaking collapsed houses of the Cowichan people on Vancouver Island and caused numerous landslides. Found insideUndersea, they collide and rupture, causinga massive megathrust earthquake. The rupture causes the seafloor to bounce fortyfeet. The temblor was the result of the Pacific Plate diving beneath the North American Plate at the Alaska-Aleutian megathrust, which has been the location of many megathrust earthquakes. This book contains a collection of different research activities that include the biodegradation compounds with contaminant characteristics and special products of different interests as an added value product or that allows following up ... Posters - More than just wallpaper, these eye-catching, educative posters invite students to become minds-on with Earth's internal structure, earthquakes, seismic waves and more! These events are recorded in the oral traditions of the First Nations people on Vancouver Island. Most recent earthquakes External website, opens in new tab, Most important earthquakes External website, opens in new tab. Subduction zone faults. The term intraplate earthquake refers to a variety of earthquake that occurs within the interior of a tectonic plate; this stands in contrast to an interplate earthquake, which occurs at the boundary of a tectonic plate.. Intraplate earthquakes are relatively rare compared to the more familiar boundary-located interplate earthquakes. Found inside – Page 7Volcanicand continental plate collision events often cause earthquakes. ... The Great Sumatran-Andaman earthquake of 2004 was a megathrust earthquake. The 1888 earthquake in Río de la Plata was also an intraplate quake. Earthquakes along the Sunda megathrust subduction zone, along the island of Sumatra, showing the 2006 Mw 9.1-9.3 Indian Ocean Earthquake as a star. Found inside – Page 4512014) and is expected to produce large megathrust earthquakes probably larger ... along the same asperities of the plate interface causes mass dislocations. These interplate earthquakes are the planet's most powerful, with moment magnitudes (M w) that can exceed 9.0. The undersea Cascadia thrust fault ruptured along a 1000 km length, from mid Vancouver Island to northern California in a great earthquake, producing tremendous shaking and a huge tsunami that swept across the Pacific. The surface of the Earth is made up of seven primary and eight secondary tectonic plates, plus dozens of tertiary microplates. In the next 30 years, California has a 99.7% chance of a magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquake and the Pacific Northwest has a 10% chance of a magnitude 8 to 9 megathrust earthquake on the Cascadia subduction zone. And, tsunamis resulting from the earthquake caused about 143 deaths. Megathrust earthquakes occur at subduction zones at destructive convergent plate boundaries, where one tectonic plate is forced underneath another, caused by slip along the thrust fault that forms the contact between them. Found inside – Page 118... time a MW 8.8 megathrust earthquake struck off the coast of Chile causing strong shaking and triggering a tsunami that affected cities along the Pacific ... The earthquake must be a shallow marine event that displaces the seafloor. "Continental Intraplate Earthquakes: Science and Policy Issues", Geological Society of America, Special Paper 425. The best success has come with detailed micro-seismic monitoring, involving dense arrays of seismometers. Megathrust earthquakes occur at subduction zones at destructive convergent plate boundaries, where one tectonic plate is forced underneath another, caused by slip along the thrust fault that forms the contact between them. In many cases, the causative fault is deeply buried,[4] and sometimes cannot even be found. Earthquake that occurs within the interior of a tectonic plate, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Intraplate Triggered Earthquakes: Observations and Interpretation", "Seismicity of the Ste. This book describes the growth and origins of earthquake science and identifies research and data collection efforts that will strengthen the scientific and social contributions of this exciting new discipline. It is the accurate descriptions of the tsunami and the accurate time keeping by the Japanese that allows us to confidently know the size and exact time of this great earthquake. These same geological processes also give us the mountains we enjoy here in BC. These interplate earthquakes are the planet's most powerful, with moment magnitudes (M w) that can exceed 9.0. Although earthquake magnitude is one factor that affects tsunami generation, there are other important factors to consider. Scientists continue to search for the causes of these earthquakes, and especially for some indication of how often they recur. The last earthquake in this zone, in 1700, was recorded by First Nations historical accounts and geological records, telling us that it was massive and caused a tsunami that impacted coastlines as far away as Japan. Cryoseisms can sometimes be mistaken for intraplate earthquakes. Browse the archive of articles on Nature. Among the set of tools are tsunami forecasting, educational experiments, early alerting systems, and design guidance for tsunami-resilient communities. Part of this book has already been published in a recent journal issue. Across south-central Alaska, ground fissures, collapsing structures. Found inside – Page 237Tsunamis, floodings, earthquakes, blizzards, volcanic eruptions, ... points toward an undersea megathrust earthquake that was caused when the Indian Plate ... Download our helpful apps This causes stress to build up until it's released with often devastating force. The cause of these earthquakes is often uncertain. The term intraplate earthquake refers to a variety of earthquake that occurs within the interior of a tectonic plate; this stands in contrast to an interplate earthquake, which occurs at the boundary of a tectonic plate.. Intraplate earthquakes are relatively rare compared to the more familiar boundary-located interplate earthquakes. This leads to localization of inelastic failure to a narrow shear zone. We extend the undrained gouge model to a study of self-similar rough faults. Extreme compaction and dilatancy occur at restraining and releasing bends, respectively. Browse the archive of articles on Nature. In the next 30 years, California has a 99.7% chance of a magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquake and the Pacific Northwest has a 10% chance of a magnitude 8 to 9 megathrust earthquake on the Cascadia subduction zone. A special type of shallow fault, called a subduction zone or ‘megathrust’, occurs where an oceanic plate moves beneath a continental plate. How aquatic foods such as fish, shellfish and seaweed can help build healthy, sustainable and equitable food systems. The large plates move very slowly, owing to convection currents within the mantle below the crust. Found inside – Page 4PAST GREAT SUMATRAN EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS 2004 and 2005 The Sunda ... of the megathrust that caused the magnitude 9.2 earthquake of 26 December 2004. Earthquakes occur as these plates slip past or underneath one another, releasing stress. Here in Vancouver, we are near the boundary (or fault line) of two of these plates, the North American Plate, on which we live, and the smaller Juan de Fuca Plate. Stein, S., and S. Mazzotti (2007). Megathrust earthquakes. Found inside – Page 108Megathrust earthquakes (the cause of the ten largest earthquakes) are up-dip thrust faults occurring when one tectonic plate is subducted (forced beneath) ... Found insideThis report discusses: earthquake hazards and risk in the United States, federal programs that support earthquake monitoring, the U.S. capability to detect earthquakes and issue notifications and warnings, and federally-supported research ... Evolving the Geodetic Infrastructure to Meet New Scientific Needs summarizes progress in maintaining and improving the geodetic infrastructure and identifies improvements to meet new science needs that were laid out in the 2018 report ... Earthquakes kill, on average, about 20,000 people every year. The temblor was the result of the Pacific Plate diving beneath the North American Plate at the Alaska-Aleutian megathrust, which has been the location of many megathrust earthquakes. Found insideVolume highlights include: Multidisciplinary research involving geology, mineral physics, geophysics and geodynamics Extremely large-scale numerical models with sliate-of-the art high performance computing facilities Overview of exceptional ... In the early 1960s, the emergence of the theory of plate tectonics started a revolution in the earth sciences. The earthquake occurred far from any plate boundaries, which meant the region above the epicenter was unprepared for earthquakes. Found inside – Page 424Particularly severe damage was caused during the earthquake of 1985 in the ... A megathrust earthquake off the coast of northern Sumatra was one of the ... Software-Web-Apps - Stand alone software, interactive web tools, and downloadable apps to help you explore seismic data and earthquake topics. Fact 44: The biggest tsunami that occurred in Hawaii happened in 1946 when the coast of Hilo Island was hit with 30 ft waves at 500 mph. These earthquakes are far more frequent, highly damaging, shallow crustal earthquakes are near the surface and do not occur on plate boundaries. 453 West 12th Ave Subduction-zone megathrust earthquakes, the most powerful earthquakes in the world, can produce tsunamis through a variety of structures that are missed by simple models including: fault boundary rupture, deformation of overlying plate, splay faults and landslides. A special type of shallow fault, called a subduction zone or ‘megathrust’, occurs where an oceanic plate moves beneath a continental plate. Across south-central Alaska, ground fissures, collapsing structures. Hover over a cluster of earthquakes to learn about the different types in the Pacific Northwest. Earthquakes kill, on average, about 20,000 people every year. The earth's crust is divided into large sections, called tectonic plates. This zone produces massive earthquakes, called "megathrust earthquakes," which may register as large as magnitude 9.0 earthquakes. Genevieve Seismic Zone based on Observations from the EarthScope OIINK Flexible Array", "Seismicidad y seismotectónica en Uruguay", "The April 2017 Mw6.5 Botswana Earthquake: An Intraplate Event Triggered by Deep Fluids", Intraplate Earthquakes: Possible Mechanisms for the New Madrid and Charleston Earthquakes, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intraplate_earthquake&oldid=1043795321, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2011, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Found inside – Page 295... Japan, megathrust earthquake and the resulting tsunami. ... Slip along the plate interface causes vertical deformation of the seaoor, causing uplift or ... Such compound disasters can strike any earthquake-prone populated area. National Earthquake Resilience presents a roadmap for increasing our national resilience to earthquakes. The book also suggests designing effective interagency exercises, using professional emergency-management standards to prepare communities, and prioritizing funding based on tsunami risk. In particular, the Kutch district suffered tremendous damage, where the death toll was over 12,000 and the total death toll was higher than 20,000. Examples of damaging intraplate earthquakes are the devastating Gujarat earthquake in 2001, the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes, the 2017 Puebla earthquake, the 1811–1812 earthquakes in New Madrid, Missouri, and the 1886 earthquake in Charleston, South Carolina.[1]. Some progress is being made in understanding the fault mechanics driving these earthquakes. This causes stress to build up until it's released with often devastating force. By definition, intraplate earthquakes do not occur near plate boundaries, but along faults in the normally stable interior of plates. The earthquake must be a shallow marine event that displaces the seafloor. Some studies have shown that it can be caused by fluids moving up the crust along ancient fault zones. This book presents lectures delivered at the summer school ‘The Mechanics of Earthquake Faulting’, held under the umbrella of the Enrico Fermi International School of Physics in Varenna, Italy, from 2 to 7 July 2018. Found inside – Page 298... boundaries causes the earthquakes, which in turn create the tsunami. 7.1.2 Earthquake-generated tsunamis On 26 December 2004, a megathrust earthquake ... Subduction-zone megathrust earthquakes, the most powerful earthquakes in the world, can produce tsunamis through a variety of structures that are missed by simple models including: fault boundary rupture, deformation of overlying plate, splay faults and landslides. Some of the world's largest earthquakes have occurred here in BC. Fact 42: In the last 2,000 years, 50,000 people have died due to a tsunami in the Pacific Ocean. Found inside – Page 312Cause of Sumatra Earthquake As regards the causes which generated the ... “ The devastating megathrust earthquake of December 26 , 2004 , occurred on the ... Found inside – Page 72Causes of Tsunami A tsunami can be generated when converging or ... are recent examples of powerful megathrust earthquakes that generated a tsunami that was ... Vancouver, BCV5Y 1V4. Many cities live with the seismic risk of a rare, large intraplate earthquake. And, tsunamis resulting from the earthquake caused about 143 deaths. Examples of intraplate earthquakes include those in Mineral, Virginia in 2011 (estimated magnitude 5.8), New Madrid in 1811 and 1812 (estimated magnitude as high as 8.1),[3] the Boston (Cape Ann) earthquake of 1755 (estimated magnitude 6.0 to 6.3), earthquakes felt in New York City in 1737 and 1884 (both quakes estimated at about 5.5 magnitude), and the Charleston earthquake in South Carolina in 1886 (estimated magnitude 6.5 to 7.3). An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of stored energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. & Answers on megathrust earthquakes, the causative fault is deeply buried, [ ]. – Page 118drowning, as occurs in subduction-zone megathrust earthquakes, the tsunami swept across the Pacific Northwest in environments., [ 4 ] and sometimes can not even be found because, unlike Boston and new York the... The subducting Juan de Fuca plate is moving toward and underneath ( or subducting ) the North American Japanese... 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Part of this book has already been published in a similar geological setting beneath Kobe, caused... Earthquakes may be unrelated to ancient fault zones equitable food systems opens in new tab of Botswana tsunami generation there...
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